Cyathea corcovadensis (Raddi) Domin occurs in northeastern, southeastern and southern Brazil, being widely distributed in the last. This was a three-year study, conducted from August 2008 to July 2011, in which we evaluated C. corcovadensis in a subtropical forest in southern Brazil. For the first year (August 2008 to July 2009), we monitored 30 plants on a monthly basis in order to analyze phenological events (vegetative and reproductive) and caudex growth. We also estimated the ages of the plants. Except in June and July of 2009, monthly leaf emergence and senescence were continuous and irregular, which prevented total leaf abscission, during that first year. Leaf emergence, senescence and fertility correlated with photoperiod, temperature and plant height, whereas rainfall was not a good predictor of C. corcovadensis phenophase. Within the forest fragment studied, the high proportion of fertile individuals (63.3%) indicated that the population has the potential to increase in size. The mean annual caudex growth rate was 4.66-8.23 cm and was statistically equivalent among the three years evaluated. The number of leaves per plant remained stable throughout the study period. Among plants that were 4 m tall, the mean estimated age was 60.3 years when calculated on the basis of overall height and mean annual growth rate, compared with only 46.9 years when calculated on the basis of the number of total leaf scars or petiole remains on the caudex and mean annual leaf production.

The preparation of enantiomerically pure or enriched substances is of fundamental importance to pharmaceutical, food, agrochemical, and cosmetics industries and involves a growing market of hundreds of billions of dollars. However, most chemical processes used for their production are not environmentally friendly because in most cases, stoichiometric amounts of chiral inductors are used and substantial waste is produced. In this context, asymmetric catalysis has emerged as an efficient tool for the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched compounds using chiral catalysts. More specifically, considering the current scenario in the Brazilian chemical industry, especially that of pharmaceuticals, the immediate prospect for the use of synthetic routes developed in Brazil in an enantioselective fashion or even the discovery of new drugs is practically null. Currently, the industrial production of drugs in Brazil is primarily focused on the production of generic drugs and is basically supported by imports of intermediates from China and India. In order to change this panorama and move forward toward the gradual incorporation of genuinely Brazilian synthetic routes, strong incentive policies, especially those related to continuous funding, will be needed. These incentives could be a breakthrough once we establish several research groups working in the area of organic synthesis and on the development and application of chiral organocatalysts and ligands in asymmetric catalysis, thus contributing to boost the development of the Brazilian chemical industry. Considering these circumstances, Brazil can benefit from this opportunity because we have a wide biodiversity and a large pool of natural resources that can be used as starting materials for the production of new chiral catalysts and are creating competence in asymmetric catalysis and related areas. This may decisively contribute to the growth of chemistry in our country.

Nas florestas tropicais as samambaias arborescentes constituem forófitos importantes para o estabelecimento e ocorrência de espécies epifíticas. A composição, a estrutura e a distribuição vertical de samambaias epifíticas foram estudadas sobre Alsophila setosa Kaulf., em fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, localizado no município de Morro Reuter (29º32'07"S e 51º05'26"W), Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram amostrados 60 cáudices de no mínimo 4 m de altura e eles foram divididos em intervalos de 1 m, a partir do solo. O valor de importância específico foi estimado a partir da freqüência nos cáudices , nos intervalos e do valor de cobertura. Foram registradas 14 espécies epifíticas, representando 10 gêneros e cinco famílias. A maior riqueza específica ocorreu em Polypodiaceae. A curva de rarefação para a amostra total não assumiu uma assíntota, sendo que foram estimadas entre 14,98 e 16,95 espécies, apontando que poucas espécies ainda poderiam ser amostradas nessa área. A espécie com maior valor de importância e amplitude vertical foi Blechnum binervatum (Poir.) C.V. Morton & Lellinger, com freqüência decrescente no sentido base-ápice do cáudice. Considerando o predomínio de holoepífitos habituais, a remoção de cáudices de Alsophila setosa compromete a disponibilidade de microhabitats para epífitos no sub bosque florestal.

In tropical forests, tree ferns constitute an important phorophyte for the establishment and occurrence of epiphytic species. Composition, structure and vertical distribution of epiphytic ferns were studied on Alsophila setosa Kaulf., in a semideciduous seasonal forest fragment, in the city of Morro Reuter (29º32'07"S and 51º05'26"W), in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The sample consisted of 60 caudices of at least 4 m high, which were divided in 1 m intervals from the ground. The specific importance value was estimated trough the coverage value and caudex frequency at the intervals. A total of 14 species was recorded, belonging to 10 genera and five families. The highest specific richness occurred in Polypodiaceae. The rarefaction curve for the total sample did not reach an asymptote with an estimated 14.98 to 16.95 species, showing that a few species could still be recorded. The species with the highest importance value and vertical amplitude was Blechnum binervatum (Poir.) C.V. Morton & Lellinger, with a decreasing frequency from bottom to top of the caudex. Considering the predominance of habitual holoepiphytes, the removal of Alsophila setosa caudices compromises microhabitat availability for epiphytes in the forest understory.

No sul e sudeste do Brasil, a samambaia arborescente Dicksonia sellowiana Hook. é ainda extraída ilegalmente de remanescentes florestais para uso da capa fibrosa do seu cáudice, bem como para cultivo como planta ornamental. No presente trabalho, o crescimento do cáudice, a produção, expansão e senescência de frondes, bem como a formação e liberação de esporos de D. sellowiana foram estudados com base na observação de 37 plantas. Durante um período de um ano de observação, os cáudices cresceram, em média, 5,65 cm ano-1, sendo que a taxa de crescimento se correlacionou fortemente com a altura das plantas. As taxas de produção de frondes novas (10,86 frondes ano-1) e de senescência (10,54 frondes ano-1), similares, evidenciaram capacidade de manter um número de frondes estável, no ano. Apenas 14 indivíduos desenvolveram frondes férteis, sendo que a maioria das plantas produziu esporos no verão, liberando-os no inverno. A produção e liberação de esporos foram mais influenciadas pela temperatura e fotoperíodo do que pela precipitação.

In Southern and Southeastern Brazil, the tree fern Dicksonia sellowiana Hook. still is illegally extracted from remnants forests for the use of its fibrous caudex cover, as well as for cultivation as an ornamental plant. In the present study the caudex growth, frond production, expansion and senescence as well as the formation and release of spores have been studied based on the observation of 37 plants. During an observation period of one year, the caudexes grew at an average of 5.65 cm year-1 and the growth rate presented a strong correlation with the height of the plants. Similar frond production rate (10.86 fronds year-1) and senescence (10.54 fronds year-1) evidenced the capacity of maintaining a stable number of fronds throughout the year. Only 14 individuals developed fertile fronds, most of them producing spores during the summer and liberating them during the winter. Production and release of spores were influenced more by temperature and photoperiod rather than by rainfall.